Scientific Area
Educational content on clinically important molecular biomarkers in oncology, emphasizing that testing must be done in accredited laboratories and interpreted by specialists.
Below are educational examples of molecular biomarkers whose testing guides treatment across various cancer types. The presence or absence of a marker alone does not determine therapy; results are interpreted in the full clinical context.
The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is a cell-surface receptor involved in growth regulation. In certain cancers, mutations or amplification of this gene are associated with response to selective EGFR tyrosine-kinase inhibitors.
A gene rearrangement that produces an ALK fusion protein can drive tumor growth in a subset of cases. The presence of such a fusion may make the tumor responsive to specific ALK inhibitors.
Overexpression or amplification of the HER2 gene is observed in certain cancers. It is a biomarker that guides the use of specific HER2-directed agents and is usually evaluated with several validated tests.
Mutations in the KRAS gene are common across several solid tumors. The presence and location of the mutation influence available treatment options and may guide whether certain drug families are beneficial.
Mutations in the BRAF gene activate a growth-signaling pathway in a proportion of tumors. Some of these mutations provide actionable targets for BRAF/MEK inhibitors, while testing may also be used for diagnostic or prognostic purposes.
Other clinically relevant markers span a wide range of genes, fusions, and protein expressions. The list above is illustrative and educational, not exhaustive.
Molecular testing must be performed in accredited laboratories with proper documentation, and results interpreted by qualified pathologists and oncologists. This content is general and educational; practices vary across specialties and evolving guidelines, so official sources and current scientific references should be verified.
Educational content — consult qualified healthcare professionals
The content on this website is for educational and informational purposes only. It is not intended as a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified healthcare provider with any questions regarding a medical condition.
